Narration কী?
Narration বা Reported Speech হলো অন্য কারো বলা কথা নিজের ভাষায় (শব্দে) প্রকাশ করার পদ্ধতি। এটি দুইভাবে হতে পারে — Direct Speech (সরাসরি উক্তি) এবং Indirect Speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)।
Narration কত প্রকার?
মূলত ৫ ধরনের Narration থাকে:
- Assertive Sentence — বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য
- Interrogative Sentence — প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্য
- Imperative Sentence — আদেশ, অনুরোধ, উপদেশ
- Optative Sentence — ইচ্ছা/প্রার্থনা প্রকাশক বাক্য
- Exclamatory Sentence — বিস্ময়/আবেগ প্রকাশক বাক্য
Narration এর সাধারণ নিয়ম
1️ Direct থেকে Indirect করার সময়
- Reporting verb-এর tense অনুযায়ী reported speech-এর tense পরিবর্তন হবে (Backshift)
- Person পরিবর্তন করতে হবে (Pronoun পরিবর্তন)
- Time এবং Place এর শব্দ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে (e.g., now → then, today → that day)
- Sentence-এর ধরন অনুযায়ী conjunction ব্যবহার করতে হবে (that, if/whether, wh-word)
Time/Place পরিবর্তনের উদাহরণ:
Now → Then, Today → That day, Tomorrow → The next day, Here → There
প্রতিটি Narration এর নিয়ম ও উদাহরণ
1. Assertive Sentence
Rule: Reporting verb = said/told + that; tense পরিবর্তন; pronoun পরিবর্তন।
Direct: He said, "I am tired."
Indirect: He said that he was tired.
2. Interrogative Sentence
- Yes/No question → if/whether
- WH-question → WH-word + statement order
Direct: He said, "Do you like tea?"
Indirect: He asked if I liked tea.
Direct: She said, "Where do you live?"
Indirect: She asked where I lived.
3. Imperative Sentence
- Order → told/commanded + object + to + verb
- Request → requested/asked + object + to + verb
- Negative → not to + verb
Direct: He said, "Sit down."
Indirect: He told me to sit down.
Direct: She said, "Please help me."
Indirect: She requested me to help her.
4. Optative Sentence
Reporting verb = prayed/wished; may → might/should; 'that' ব্যবহার; sentence assertive হবে।
অন্যান্য পোস্টগুলো পড়ুন
Direct: He said to me, "May God bless you."
Indirect: He prayed that God might bless me.
Direct: My mother said, "May you succeed."
Indirect: My mother wished that I might succeed.
5. Exclamatory Sentence
Reporting verb = exclaimed with joy/sorrow/wonder/grief; 'that' ব্যবহার; sentence assertive হবে।
Direct: He said, "Hurrah! We have won."
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that they had won.
Direct: Kamal said, "Alas! He is no more."
Indirect: Kamal exclaimed with sorrow that he was no more.
Reporting Verb Changes
| Direct Speech Reporting Verb | Indirect Speech Replacement |
|---|---|
| said to | told / asked / ordered / advised (meaning অনুযায়ী) |
| said (no object) | said / stated / mentioned |
| asked | প্রশ্নের জন্য ব্যবহৃত |
| ordered / commanded | শক্ত নির্দেশের জন্য ব্যবহৃত |
Tense Change Rules (Backshifting)
যদি reporting verb past tense হয় (said, told, asked), তাহলে নিচের মত tense পরিবর্তন হবে:
| Direct Speech Tense | Indirect Speech Tense | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Past Simple | "I work here." → He said he worked there. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | "I am working." → He said he was working. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | "I have finished." → He said he had finished. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | "I have been working." → He said he had been working. |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect | "I saw him." → He said he had seen him. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | "I was working." → He said he had been working. |
| Will | Would | "I will go." → He said he would go. |
| Shall | Should | "I shall return." → He said he should return. |
| Can | Could | "I can repair it." → He said he could repair it. |
| May | Might | "I may help you." → He said he might help. |
| Must | Had to | "I must leave." → He said he had to leave. |
Pronoun Changes
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| I | he / she |
| me | him / her |
| my | his / her |
| mine | his / hers |
| we | they |
| us | them |
| our | their |
| ours | theirs |
| you | I / we / they (context অনুযায়ী) |
Direct: He said, “I will test the signal.”
Indirect: He said that he would test the signal.
Time & Place Changes
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the previous day / the day before |
| now | then |
| here | there |
| this | that |
| these | those |
| tonight | that night |
| last night | the previous night |
| ago | before |
Summary Table
| Type | Reporting Verb | Conjunction | Example (Indirect) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assertive | said/told | that | He said that he was tired. |
| Interrogative | asked/inquired | if/whether or WH-word | She asked where I lived. |
| Imperative | told/asked/ordered | to / not to | He told me to sit down. |
| Optative | prayed/wished | that | He prayed that I might succeed. |
| Exclamatory | exclaimed with joy/sorrow/wonder | that | He exclaimed with joy that they had won. |
✅ Conclusion
Narration শেখার জন্য প্রথমে sentence-এর ধরন চিনে নিতে হবে, তারপর সেই অনুযায়ী reporting verb, conjunction এবং tense পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। প্রতিটি নিয়ম ভালোভাবে প্র্যাকটিস করলে সহজে Direct থেকে Indirect রূপান্তর করা যাবে।